The tradition of decorating homes, churches, and public spaces with holly, ivy, and other evergreen plants during the Christmas season is a practice with roots dating back to pre-Christian winter festivals.
These plants, which remain vibrant and green throughout the cold, dark winter months, have long been symbols of life, fertility, and the enduring promise of spring.
A Roman Feast (Saturnalia) By Robert Bompiani (1821-1908) Paul Getty MuseumAncient Origins of the Tradition of Using Evergreen Plants in Winter
Pagan Traditions
The origins of using holly, ivy, and evergreen plants at Christmas time go back to ancient pagan traditions.
The Celts, Romans, Druids, and other early societies used these plants during their mid-winter festivals as a symbol of everlasting life.
The Romans, for instance, celebrated the festival of Saturnalia, dedicated to the god Saturn. During this time, they adorned their homes and temples with green boughs.
Similarly, the Druids considered holly and ivy as sacred plants, using them in their religious rites celebrating the winter solstice.
Photo by Anne Drotleff on UnsplashAdapting Pagan Symbols for Christian Festivals
When Christianity spread across Europe, many of these pagan traditions were adapted to fit Christian beliefs.
Early Christians decorated their homes with holly as it was believed to protect them from evil spirits and witches’ spells. The sharp edges of holly leaves came to symbolise the crown of thorns worn by Jesus, while the red berries represented his blood.
Symbolism of Holly, Ivy, and Evergreen Plants
Photo by Annie Spratt on UnsplashHolly
Holly has played a pivotal role in Christmas celebrations for centuries due to its strong Christian symbolism. As mentioned earlier, the holly plant’s pointed leaves are seen as a symbol of the crown of thorns Jesus wore during his crucifixion, and the red berries are symbols of the drops of blood that were shed.
Photo by Leticia Delboy on UnsplashIvy
Ivy has been associated with Christmas since ancient times, too. It represents eternal life, resurrection, and rebirth.
In traditional English celebrations, ivy was only used outside and was considered bad luck if brought into the home, a belief that differed significantly from the use of holly.
Photo by Taylor Friehl on UnsplashEvergreen Plants
Evergreen plants, such as pine, spruce, and fir, are frequently used as Christmas trees.
The practice of bringing a Christmas tree into the home and decorating it has been popular since the 16th century. The evergreen tree, which retains its green foliage throughout the year, symbolises eternal life, the promise of spring, and the endurance of life through the winter months.
Modern Celebrations
Even today, holly, ivy, and other evergreen plants continue to be a fundamental part of Christmas celebrations around the world. They are used in wreaths, garlands, and other decorations, and the tradition of setting up and decorating a Christmas tree has become a cherished ritual in many families.
Specific Cultural Practices
European Traditions
In many European cultures, holly, ivy, and evergreen plants have specific roles and symbolism.
In Germany, for instance, evergreen trees were traditionally decorated with apples and candles, which were later replaced by Christmas lights.
American Traditions
In the United States, the use of evergreens during Christmas time was popularised in the 19th century, mainly influenced by German traditions. The Christmas tree became a staple of American Christmas celebrations, often decorated with homemade ornaments and popcorn strings in the early days.
Folklore and Customs
The Holly King and the Oak King
In Celtic mythology, the Holly King and the Oak King are part of an enduring legend. The Holly King rules over the waning half of the year, from midsummer to midwinter, while the Oak King rules the waxing half. During the winter solstice, the Oak King defeats the Holly King, heralding the return of longer days. This story further emphasises the association of holly with the winter season.
The Tradition of Kissing Under the Mistletoe
Mistletoe, another evergreen used in Christmas celebrations, has a unique custom associated with it. The tradition of kissing under the mistletoe comes from a Norse myth. It was believed that those who kissed under the mistletoe would receive good luck and protection from harm.
Today, a sprig of mistletoe is often hung in homes during Christmas, and those who find themselves underneath it are expected to share a kiss.
Photo by Al Elmes on UnsplashChristmas Wreaths
Christmas wreaths, made from evergreens, holly, and ivy, have a special meaning. The circular shape of the wreath symbolises eternal life, a theme consistent with the symbolism of evergreens. Wreaths are commonly hung on front doors as a sign of welcome and to celebrate the spirit of Christmas.
These additional details show how deep and rich the tradition of using holly, ivy, and evergreen plants during Christmas truly is. From the ancient world to modern times, these plants have been imbued with powerful symbolism and are an integral part of Christmas celebrations around the world.
The use of holly, ivy, and evergreen plants at Christmas is deeply rooted in history, rich with symbolism, and continues to be an integral part of the holiday season. Their vibrant colours and enduring resilience through the harshest of winters provide a sense of hope and continuity that beautifully complements the spirit of Christmas.
The tradition of using holly, ivy, and evergreen plants during Christmas dates back to ancient pagan rituals, symbolising eternal life and the resilience of nature through winter. These symbols were later incorporated into Christian celebrations, with holly representing the crown of thorns worn by Jesus and ivy signifying resurrection. Today, these plants continue to be a fundamental part of Christmas decorations globally, adding colour, life, and historical significance to the holiday season.